نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 61، تابستان 1402)

The aim of this study was to identify, categorize and design the championship-promoting tourism-development model in the Wrestling Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran with emphasis on qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the tourism development model.

The statistical sample in the qualitative section included all university experts and experts in the field of sports tourism and elite wrestling coaches, which was equal to 15 people and in the quantitative section included all wrestling coaches with the national rank of the Wrestling Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran (384 people). A simple random sample was selected from all over the country. The research data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on interviews. MAXQDA Software and Smart PLS version 3 were used for data analysis.

Findings showed that the factors related to the sports tourism development model related to the championship in the Wrestling Federation of the country were identified in the form of 28 categories and 136 concept codes. The Main and pivotal categories are as: continuous sports businesses (3 categories), strategies (3 categories), underlying conditions (9 categories), intervening or mediating conditions (4 categories), And the consequences (4 categories) were included.

In general, it is suggested to the managers of the Iranian Wrestling Federation that by implementing appropriate action plans, to implement the strategies resulting from this research, try to increase these outcomes as much as possible and also to modify some processes to prevent the consequences.

The purpose of this study was to provide a practical model for promoting sports ethics and developing ethical codes as a behavioral guide for sports coaches. The present study is applied in purpose and  a mixed method; and the method of data collection is of field research.

To plan codes of ethics for sports coaches, an interview was conducted between 13 people (purposive sampling and snowball technique) from the coaches of sports teams of the Premier League, one and two soccer teams (especially ethical coaches), then a questionnaire extracted from the qualitative interview was required. 30 football coaches were selected. Finally, to determine the appropriateness of the proposed model, a 23-item questionnaire made by the researchers was given to some experts in the field of sports ethics for coaches, and the final model was presented.

The findings showed that there are 6 main factors or ethical codes for coaches' sports ethics, which in order of factor loading includes factors related to attention and concentration with a factor load of 0.86 with the highest priority, factors related to justice and fair treatment with a factor load of 84 0.0, factors related to trustworthiness with a factor load of 0.83, factors related to care and responsibility and chivalry with a factor load of 0.70, factors related to technical competence with a factor load of 0.62 and factors related to beliefs and values With a factor load of 0.54, it is the sixth priority.

Finally, it is suggested that by considering the extracted factors as a practical model, a charter for the ethical codes of sports coaches should be compiled and introduced as a legal norm.

The purpose of study is to construct and validate the image tool of the Iranian athlete brand.

The research method was descriptive and a survey. The statistical population consisted of students of sport sciences in Isfahan Universitys. 302 participants answered the questionnaire. They selected by random sampling method. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. There were 49 items. Face and content validity were examined. Cronbach's alpha and exploratory analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were used to examine the construct validity.  

Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the athlete's brand image scale has 49 explicit factors, 12 hidden second-level and 4 hidden third-level factors. The personal image of athlete brand includes, attractiveness appearance (4 items) and personal life (5 items), the social image of athlete brand includes, myth (4 items), social attractiveness (5 items), athlete relationship (3 items) and social responsibility (7 items) , the cultural image of athlete brand includes, protocol (3 items) and religion (3 items) and sport image of athlete brand includes, body fitness (3 items), sport success (3 items), athlete expertise (5 items) and racing style (6 items). Cronbach's alpha reliability for the 12 components ranged from 0/74 to 0/91. The   results show goodness of fit the athlete's brand image model.

The cultural, social and personal aspects of the athlete, along with the sporting aspect, create a good image of the Iranian athlete's brand. Future researchers can be used of this tool to determine the brand image characteristics of Iranian athletes.

The purpose of this research was to identify the process of formation of barriers to career advancement and the factors influencing the career ecosystem of women in Iranian sports organizations.

This research was conducted with an exploratory nature and a qualitative method using the foundation's data theory strategy. In order to analyze the data, the classical approach of data-based theory presented by Glaser was used. Theoretical-targeted sampling and snowball sampling techniques were used to conduct in-depth interviews. In total, 11 interviews were conducted with experts and specialists with research in the field of women, as well as female managers with managerial positions, and the research reached theoretical saturation and adequacy.

This research was conducted with an exploratory nature and a qualitative method using the foundation's data theory strategy. In order to analyze the data, the classical approach of data-based theory presented by Glaser was used. Theoretical-targeted sampling and snowball sampling techniques were used to conduct in-depth interviews. In total, 11 interviews were conducted with experts and specialists with research in the field of women, as well as female managers with managerial positions, and the research reached theoretical saturation and adequacy.

Based on the findings of the research, it is suggested that in order to facilitate the promotion of women to managerial positions in sports, in accordance with the upstream documents and women's employment policies, sports policy makers should consider the path of women's advancement to managerial levels in the form of a set of factors and process-oriented, and plan to eliminate obstacles and strengthen women's strengths.

The aim of this study was to measure the effect of communication skill training (CST) on self management behaviours and conflict management of wrestling coaches.

This study was a quasi-experimental research, including pretest-posttest, as well as follow-up study and control group. Hence, 33 wrestling coaches from Isfahan province were selected by random sampling method and then randomly divided in two groups (experimental group: 17, control group: 16). Educational protocol in this study designed with using the Mirsafian, Kalate & Afshari’s CST Protocol (2020). The instruments employed in this research for measuring the efficiency of the research’s educational protocol includes; Manz’s self management behaviours (1986) and Robbins’s conflict management (2003). The Covariance analyzing test as well as Repeated Measure ANOVA employed for analyzing the data provided by research’s instruments.

The results indicated that CST significantly effect on improving the wrestling coaches’ self management behaviours, conflict management, and their dimensions. Furthermore, effect of CST was remained after 12 weeks from finishing the CST.

Therefore, it is suggested to the responsible of the wrestling federation and its subdivisions in Isfahan province to use the provided educational protocol presented in this study, in order to improve the effective job variables reported for this group of coaches.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the key stakeholders of the Football Federation.

This research was done by the descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population included football experts and elites, which was considered as a whole number. The Delphi method was used to localize the identified stakeholders and the paired comparison questionnaire was used to prioritize key stakeholders.

The results of this study showed that the league organization with average weight (0.167), sponsors with average weight (0.153), clubs with average weight (0.146), football schools with average weight (0.100), Coaches with average weight (0.092), fans with average weight (0.081), Asian Football Confederation with average weight (0.050), FIFA with average weight (0.047), players with average weight (0.046) are considered as key stakeholders of the Football Federation respectively.

With regards to the importance and the role of each of the key stakeholders in the implementation and the promotion of federation's programs, the policy and planning of the federation should be with emphasis and attention to these key stakeholders.

The purpose of this study was to design a paradigm model of the challenges of sports tourism tours and to offer proposed solutions with a data-based approach.

This research has a qualitative approach and the data theory method has been used as the research method. The method of data collection is the study of theoretical foundations and in-depth and open (unstructured) interviews with 13 professors of sports management, managers and experts of domestic and foreign tourism tour. The sampling method was continued purposefully and to the extent of theoretical saturation. The validity of this study was reviewed and confirmed by the interviewees and then expert professors. Reliability was obtained 68.6% using the process audit study method. For data analysis, continuous comparison method was used during the three stages of open, axial and selective coding.

The components of causal, intervening, contextual, strategies, consequences and main phenomena were identified in the model. The findings of this study include a comprehensive model that has been identified as the main challenges of sports tourism tours, which is very effective in adopting strategies to reduce these challenges as a framework for developing sports tourism and improving the status of sports tourism tours in domestic and foreign events.

The purpose of this study was to identify and model digital literacy effectiveness on human resource empowerment in general departments of Sports and Youth with an interpretive structural modeling approach.

The current research was a field research in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of the method of data collection. Considering the main goal, the research method was qualitative method (theme analysis). Two methods of open and central coding were used in the analysis of the conducted interviews and 30 open codes were identified in the form of 6 central codes. The statistical population in this research includes university professors who are knowledgeable about information technology, media and technology researchers in the field of sports management, and directors of the General Directorate of Sports, and selected youths of the country who had relevant education in management fields. Using the purposeful sampling method and the theoretical saturation technique, key informants (12 people) were selected to identify the framework of the human resources empowerment model based on digital literacy in the general administrations of sports and youth, and semi-structured interviews with them (Focal groups) was carried out.

Research has shown that the factors of understanding the need for information, learning how to use information and finding information have high influence and low dependence; factors of information classification, use of information and evaluation of information have low influence and high dependence.

Therefore, the proposed digital literacy framework for human resource empowerment in the General Directorate of Sports and Youth is a good guide to increase staff empowerment.

This study explains the consequences of the strategy of improving services and behavioral tendencies with the mediating role of forgiveness on the part of the customer.

The method of this research is applied in terms of purpose and survey data in terms of collection method. By using a questionnaire consisting of 40 questions adapted from the research background and based on a conceptual model, the proposed relationships and paths have been examined and hypotheses tested. Multivariate relations and structural equation were used for inferential analysis. Exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analysis were used to judge the validity and reliability of the questionnaire.

Results:

 The results showed that customer forgiveness mediates the relationship between service improvement strategies and desirable outcomes and this shows that forgiveness has a vital role in all service improvement models while poor service improvement leads to significant lost revenue.

Proper improvement strategies are efforts that lead to forgiveness on the part of the customer.

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the challenges of the startups in the field of sports businesses with a Thematic analysis method.

The research method was qualitative and based on the content analysis approach. Experts and owners of startups and sports businesses were considered as the statistical population of this study. The sampling method was purposive. The research tool was an interview that was conducted with 13 people. Interviews with experts and professors indicated the validity of the research tool (interview). Intra-subject agreement method was used to measure reliability. Data from this study were analyzed using QSR Nvivo software.

Result of data analysis 6 sub-themes (financial and credit, legal and legal, business and marketing, organizational and administrative, hardware and software and lack of proper training) in the form of 3 main themes (lack of financial support for business and the work, the existence of strict rules and regulations and the lack of manpower) in relation to the challenges of startups in the field of sports businesses were presented in the form of a model.

Therefore, stakeholders and activists in the field of sports businesses can, while recognizing the challenges and problems of forming sports startups, provide the basis for the development of this emerging phenomenon in the field of sports.

Exercise addiction is an important phenomenon that has recently spread among Iranian girls and women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to qualitatively study exercise addiction among Iranian women with regard to managerial, biological and psychological aspects.

Research methodology was grounded theory, systematic approach. The sampling method was theoretical. The method of data analysis was continuous "questioning" and "comparison". After conducting 159 Semi-structured interviews during one year and reviewing literature; theoretical saturation was obtained.

The findings showed that there are four main categories related to Iranian women's exercise addiction, which are: (1) primary drivers, (2) personal motivations, (3) physical activity & (4) benefits of physical activity. The findings indicate that there are three levels of personal motivation. Primary drivers are primary stimuli of personal motivations. The personal motivations of a woman who is constantly physically active and personally experiences the bio-psycho-social benefits become more internalized over time, and finally it reaches the third level.

Although some psychologists have a negative view on sports addiction, considering the biological, psychological and social benefits of physical activity for Iranian women, sports managers should consider sports addiction as a "religious commitment", and seek its prevalence and development among Iranian women.

This study aimed to identify the effective factors in the development of elite sports.

This research was conducted using qualitative methodology. The analysis process followed a seven-step approach developed by Sandelowski and Barros (2006). The research community consisted of databases and reputable domestic journals in this field. Using a purposeful sampling method and entry criteria, the researchers selected 54 documents to use as their sample.

The development of elite sports involves several key concepts, including management requirements, financial and economic, sociocultural, political, legal, human resource requirements, educational and scientific, geographical, media, and physical platforms, talent search systems, support networks, and personal traits.

Elite sports play a vital role in the growth and success of sports. By carefully planning and focusing on key factors, it is possible to achieve various goals such as increasing the number of elite events, winning more medals on the international stage, gaining recognition on a global scale, improving the status of national teams, and creating a stronger sense of national identity and unity.

In the 21st century, Health, Safety, Environment (HSE) issues have become an integral part of every business and organization. A healthy lifestyle is created in a healthy environment, free from pollution and disease. On the other hand, the concept of sustainable development has emerged these days with the aim of overcoming social, economic and environmental concerns. This research was conducted with the aim of introducing effective factors in promoting health, safety, and environment in sports venues and the necessary strategies for its implementation.

This research was conducted using a qualitative method and a thematic analysis approach, which was applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in nature. The statistical population consisted of all professors and experts in the field of physical education and sports sciences with scientific and executive experience in the field of HSE and sports venues. Sampling was done in a purposeful way, and theoretical saturation was done with 19 interviews. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used as data collection tools.

The thematic analysis led to the extraction of 276 codes, 34 sub-categories, and 7 main categories. The findings showed that education, strategy, management, human resources and resources, health, green management, and monitoring and evaluation improve the level of HSE in sports venues.

In general, the use of the main and subcategories mentioned in this research can be useful solutions for improving the level of health, safety and environment, which can help the senior managers of sports venues.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the improvement of educational innovation of physical education teachers.

The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in which the qualitative part was done in the form of content analysis. The statistical population included those who were aware of the subject of the research and according to the purposeful selection, 13 people were identified as the sample. Research tools included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was examined according to the experts. Also, the reliability of this questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha calculation method (α = 0.81). In the quantitative analysis of the research, Dematel method was used. All research data analysis process was performed in EXCEL software.

The results showed that 8 general factors including social issues, motivational issues, regulatory aspects, infrastructure, specialized knowledge, government support, supportive laws and regulations and management issues are important to improve the educational innovation of physical education teachers.

According to the results, it was found that specialized knowledge, government support and infrastructure as causal factors and supportive laws and regulations, management issues, regulatory aspects, social issues and motivational issues were identified as disability factors. In other words, investing in improving specialized knowledge, government support and infrastructure promotes educational innovation.

The sports tourism brand of each country has an undeniable effect on attracting sports tourists and can introduce countries for the activists of this easy industry and guide and help tourists in the destination and have a significant contribution to the income generation of a country. It should be acknowledged that many factors can affect the destination branding, which in some scattered articles and researches, some of these indicators have been mentioned. So, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of environmental quality indicators on Damavand sports tourism branding which is known as one of the tourist attractions.

The present study is descriptive-analytical and, using multivariate regression statistical methods and path analysis. According to the Morgan’s table The statistical population included 384 sports tourists based on convenience sampling method. To gather data, Rezvani (2017) and Acker (1991) questionnaires were used.

The results showed that the economic component had the most and the natural environment component had the least direct effect on Damavand sports tourism branding. Also, taking into account the indirect effects, the component of the institutional environment has had the most impact.

Therefore, in order to brand Damavand sports tourism, it is necessary to pay more attention to the factors affecting the economic and institutional environment and solving the problems of the natural environment.

The aim of this research was to design a common branding model for sports in Iran. The research method was qualitative and data-driven theory building. The study population included university faculty members, experts, reputable brand sellers who were selected based on their sufficient lived experience as individuals.

The sampling method was purposive and accessible, and the sample size continued until theoretical saturation was reached (3+23). Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed using a three-stage coding technique (open, axial, selective). The NVivo 10 qualitative data analysis software was used for organizing the interview texts and analysis.

The findings were extracted based on the 6C model (context, background, intervention conditions, strategy, consequences). Signaling theory provides a direction for evaluating sports commercial transactions among consumer decision-making processes.

The results showed that brand fit, advertising, and media role are determining factors that lead to customer attraction. It is worth noting that the text is about sports marketing, so the translation should be done with this in mind

One of the important and practical theories in the field of organizational learning is the theory of absorptive capacity. The purpose of this research was to develope and apply the theory of Absorptive capacity in sport business.

The research was applied in terms of purpose. It was done qualitatively. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews with 24 managers and entrepreneurs in the sport industry. The interviewing process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The researchers used triangulation, respondent validation, and peer examination strategies to validate the research process. The data was coded in two steps.

The findings of the research showed that the expanded model of absorptive capacities includes three main themes: 1- sources of knowledge acquisition, 2- understanding, transformation and application of knowledge, and 3- benefits and consequences of knowledge development in sports business.

The findings of this research show that a sports company or business can improve its strategic, innovative and marketing capabilities by creating, storing and effectively disseminating knowledge. Taking advantage of this theory helps managers of sports organizations to provide new ideas and innovations in their services and products by absorbing new knowledge, and this will benefit the organization and the company from the point of view of branding and economy.

present study was designed and conducted to evaluate the performance of physical training institutions and organizations of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran using the combined approach EFQM-DEA.

The present research method was a survey that evaluated the performance of branches and organizations of physical education of apointed forces. The statistical population included 4 sections of physical training in the Armed Forces, including the General Staff of the Armed Forces, the Army, the police and the Ministry of Defense. The purpose was to evaluate the performance of these 4 sections using the combined EFQM and DEA model. The statistical population of this study consisted of all managers, trustees and physical education experts of the Armed Forces in 2021 with a total number of 2500 people. To determine and estimate the statistical sample size, 340 people were identified based on the available selection as a research sample. The data collection tool in the present study included a researcher-made questionnaire that was designed according to the methods and indicators of EFQM and DEA. DEA method was used to analyze the data of the present study.

Results :

According to the results, it was found that the physical training of the Armed Forces with an efficiency score of 1.413 had the best performance in the field of physical training compared to other organizations.

In a way, the score of this organization in the field of physical education was higher than the other studied organizations in the 9 indicators.

The aim of this study was to design the process of strategist breeding in sports organizations using an exploratory mixed approach.

The statistical population in qualitative the part of the research was elites and specialists related to the field of sports that had managerial backgrounds with a sample size of 12 people. To do the research, interviews were conducted in a targeted manner until theoretical saturation was reached. The statistical population in the quantitative part included all general managers and deputies of general offices of sports and youth of the provinces and members of the faculty of sports management (305 people), the sample size of 179 people was clustered randomly. In the qualitative part, the grounded theory with constructivist approach was used. Structural equation modeling was used in the quantitative part. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the professors' opinions, as well as the convergent and divergent validity using Smart PLS software and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha and hybrid reliability.

The proposed model included 47 components in the initial coding, which were classified into 12 dimensions and 3 stages: (organizational requirements, strategist competencies and strategist competencies development methods). Results showed that the proposed model had a good fit.

Following the process of strategist breeding in framework of this model can confirm the more successful formulation and implementation of strategic plans in sports organizations and the path of fulfillment of missions, organizational goals and improve and develop the growth and excellence of sports organizations.

The existence of a crisis in any sports organization, including football clubs, will lead to unfavorable and stressful conditions. It is necessary for officials, structures, institutions, and sports organizations, based on understanding the conditions and dimensions of the disaster, to develop the capacity to withstand crises.  

The purpose of this study was to study the tools to deal with socio-economic crises in football clubs, which was done using a qualitative method and a systematic review with a data-based approach. In the 38 identified documents, the researchers achieved 134 open codes and 4 concepts.  

The identified tools were dealing with socio - economic crisis in the four categories of "resilience and adaptability", "infrastructure development", "financial measures" and "crisis management. Also, crisis management was identified as one of the most important strategies to the prevention and confrontation of socio - economic crises.  Crisis management planning plays an important role in keeping the scope of the crisis small and in controlling it quickly.  

Therefore, awareness and recognition of managers of football organizations about crisis management and the importance of planning for socio-economic crises are effective and useful step in the process of predicting and preventing crises, dealing with crisis and recovery after encountering a crisis.